Heat transfer correlations for kerosene fuels and mixtures and physical properties for Jet A fuel

Heat transfer correlations are reported for conventional Jet A fuel for both laminar and turbulent flow in circular tubes. Correlations were developed for cooling in turbine engines, but have broader applications in petroleum and chemical processing, and other industrial applications

Heat sink capability of jet A fuel - Heat transfer and coking studies

Heat sink capabilities of Jet-A fuel - heat transfer and coking studie

Self-attitude awareness training: An aid to effective performance in microgravity and virtual environments

This paper describes ongoing development of training procedures to enhance self-attitude awareness in astronaut trainees. The procedures are based on observations regarding self-attitude (perceived self-orientation and self-motion) reported by astronauts. Self-attitude awareness training is implemented on a personal computer system and consists of lesson stacks programmed using Hypertalk with Macromind Director movie imports. Training evaluation will be accomplished by an active search task using the virtual Spacelab environment produced by the Device for Orientation and Motion Environments Preflight Adaptation Trainer (DOME-PAT) as well as by assessment of astronauts' performance and sense of well-being during orbital flight. The general purpose of self-attitude awareness training is to use as efficiently as possible the limited DOME-PAT training time available to astronauts prior to a space mission. We suggest that similar training procedures may enhance the performance of virtual environment operators

Energy Content of Seeds of Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) in the Diet of Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura) in Southeastern New Mexico

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a common forage plant that grows over much of the United States. It has drawn interest as a possible feedstock for biofuels, is used as forage for livestock, is planted for soil conservation, and is a component of the diet of some species of wildlife. We analyzed the energy content of seeds of switchgrass obtained from the crops of mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) collected from plains-mesa sand-scrub in Lea and Eddy counties, New Mexico. Seeds were removed from crops and dried for 48 hours at 60°C to remove moisture and standardize masses. Seeds were then analyzed for gross caloric value (i.e., energy content) in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Energy content of seeds of switchgrass from New Mexico averaged 18.4 J/kg (4.4 kcal/g—standard deviation, 0.7 J/kg [0.2 kcal/g]) and was lower than that of most other food items previously reported from the diet of mourning doves

Energy Content of Seeds of Palmer’s Pigweed (Amaranthus palmeri) in the Diet of Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata) in Southeastern New Mexico

Palmer’s pigweed (Amaranthus palmeri) is a common grassland plant that occurs across much of North America. It is often considered a weed but is an important source of food for many game birds. We analyzed the energy content of seeds of Palmer’s pigweed obtained from the crops of scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) collected from plains-mesa sand-scrub habitat in Eddy and Lea counties, New Mexico. Seeds were dried for 48 hours at 60°C to remove moisture and then analyzed for gross caloric value (i.e., energy content) in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. Energy content of seeds of Palmer’s pigweed from New Mexico averaged 16.6 J/kg (4.0 kcal/g), and was among the lowest values obtained when compared to those of many seeds previously reported from the diet of scaled quail and other granivorous birds

Comparative Antioxidants Status of Leaves Extracts of Some Common Antimalarial Plants in West Africa

Objective: Malaria chemotherapy remains relevance and gives way to the re-evaluation of medicinal plants that has already gain approval in the traditional treatments of Malaria. This work evaluated and compared the antioxidant status of methanol leaves extracts of Azadirachta Indica (MAI), Vernonia Amygdalina (MVA) and Carica Papaya (MCP). Methods: Phenols, Flavonoids,percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and radical scavenging activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2- picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydroxyl radicals were determined spectrophotometrically based on international standardized methods . Results: Total Phenolic content in garlic acid equivalence (GAE)were expressed maximally at 700μg/ml by 0.015±0.002, 0.019±0.017, 0.013±0.006 mg/g and flavonoids contents at 350μg/ml by 0.063±0.004, 0.020±0.031, 0.049±0.002 Mg/g quercetin equivalence (QE) for MAI, MVA and MCP respectively. DPPH scavenging activities of 78.60, 55.55 and 54.96 % were obtained at 350μg/ml by MAI, MVA and MCP respectively in the order MAI>MVA>MCP. At 300μg/ml, the extracts scavenged hydroxyl radicals significantly( p≤0.05) by72.00, 77.80 and 53.15 % in the order MVA>MAI>MCP. Intriguingly, extracts also convered significantly (p≤0.05), 50% cell protection as they inhibited lipid peroxidation by50.00, 66.20 and 64.30% in the order MVA>MCP>MAI at 350μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Antioxidative properties exhibited by extracts may be correlated with their antimalarial functions, bioactive contents and suggestive of MVA as more potent antimalarial of the evaluated plants which may serve as template for malaria drugs and its local usage encouraged in poverty- stricken malarial-endemic areas of West Africa

Converting Endangered Species Categories to Probabilities of Extinction for Phylogenetic Conservation Prioritization

Categories of imperilment like the global IUCN Red List have been transformed to probabilities of extinction and used to rank species by the amount of imperiled evolutionary history they represent (e.g. by the Edge of Existence programme). We investigate the stability of such lists when ranks are converted to probabilities of extinction under different scenarios.Using a simple example and computer simulation, we show that preserving the categories when converting such list designations to probabilities of extinction does not guarantee the stability of the resulting lists.Care must be taken when choosing a suitable transformation, especially if conservation dollars are allocated to species in a ranked fashion. We advocate routine sensitivity analyses